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Academic Articles 

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Medical Organization Statements on Circumcision

The Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) states “there is no convincing evidence that circumcision is useful or necessary in terms of prevention or hygiene.”"

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Evidence and Ethics on: Circumcision (Evidence Based Birth)

“After an extensive review of the literature, we’ve concluded that there is no compelling evidence to justify routine male infant circumcision on medical grounds.”

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Cultural Bias in the AAP’s 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision

"...Seen from the outside, cultural bias reflecting the normality of nontherapeutic male circumcision in the United States seems obvious, and the report’s conclusions are different from those reached by physicians in other parts of the Western world, including Europe, Canada, and Australia."

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Complications from Circumcision (Stanford School of Medicine)

"...complications of circumcision do represent a significant percentage of cases seen by pediatric urologists. Often they require surgical correction that results in a significant cost to the health care system. Severe complications are quite rare, but death has been reported as a result in some cases."

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Male Circumcision: Global Trends (World Health Organization)

"...we estimate that approximately 30% of the world’s males aged 15 years or older are circumcised (Table 2). Of these, around two thirds (69%) are Muslim (living mainly in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa), 0.8% are Jewish, and 13% are non-Muslim and non-Jewish men living in the United States of America."

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Is Circumcision Legal? (Peter Adler)​

"An important, divisive, and unanswered question of American law – and indeed of international law – is whether it is legal to circumcise healthy boys."

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"Nontherapeutic Circumcision of Minors as an Ethically Problematic Form of Iatrogenic Injury"(American Medical Association (AMA) JOURNAL OF ETHICS)

"Nontherapeutic circumcision (NTC) of male infants and boys is a common but misunderstood form of iatrogenic injury that causes harm by removing functional tissue that has known erogenous, protective, and immunological properties, regardless of whether the surgery generates complications."

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A CDC-requested, Evidence-based Critique of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2014 Draft on Male Circumcision

"Since neonatal circumcision is a non-therapeutic, purely cosmetic  procedure, solicitation of the procedure is unethical according to the standards of the American Medical  Association. Whether parents can legally and ethically make a decision on the child’s behalf to undergo a non-therapeutic, purely cosmetic procedure has not been clearly decided. The current ethical standard is that procedures in children that can safely wait until the child can provide his own informed consent should be delayed until the child can provide that consent."

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Risks, Benefits, Complications and Harms: Neglected Factors in the Current Debate on NonTherapeutic Circumcision

"Complications are not the only harms of circumcision: the AAP and other parties debating the pros and cons of circumcision should conceptualize their analysis more broadly as risk of harm vs. prospect of benefit, thereby factoring in the value of the foreskin to the individual and the physical and ethical harms of removing it from a non-consenting child."

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Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns

“...Men in the intervention group had less time to become HIV-infected since effectively they were out of the trials for up to two months while their circumcision wounds (portals for HIV transmission) healed. This occurred early in the trials, thereby amplifying lead-time basis."

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Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis (NCBI)

"The glans of the circumcised penis is less sensitive to fine touch than the glans of the uncircumcised penis."

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Functions of the Foreskin

"...The foreskin has various other sexual, cosmetic, neurological, and other functions. For example, it provides protection from cold, burns, and trauma, and it contains a rich network of blood vessels to support good penile function."